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【原文】

 

宰我問:「三年之喪期已久矣!君子三年為禮,禮必壞(1);三年不為樂,樂必崩(2)。舊穀既沒(3),新穀既升(4);鑽燧改火(5),期(6)可已(7)矣。」子曰:「食夫稻,衣夫錦(8),於女安乎?」曰:「安!」「女安,則為之!夫君子之居喪,食旨(9)不甘,聞樂不樂,居處不安,故不為也。今女安,則為之!」宰我出。子曰:「予(10)之不仁也!子生三年,然後免(11)於父母之懷(12)。夫三年之喪,天下之通喪(13)也;予也,有三年之愛於其父母乎?」

【英文】

Zai Wo asked about the three-year mourning period, saying, “Even a full year is too long. If the gentleman gives up the practice of the rites for three years, the rites are sure to be in ruins; if he gives up the practice of music for three years, music is sure to collapse. A full year’s mourning is quite enough. After all, in the course of a year, the old grain has been used up, the new grain ripens, and fire is renewed by fresh drilling.”

The Master said, “Would you, then, be able to enjoy eating your rice and wearing your finery?”

“Yes. I would.”

“If you are able to enjoy them, do so by all means. The gentleman in mourning finds no relish in good food, no pleasure in music, and no comforts in his own home. That is why he does not eat his rice and wear his finery. Since it appears that you enjoy

them, then do so by all means.”

After Zai Wo had left, the Master said, “How unfeeling Yu is. A child ceases to be nursed by his parents only when he is three years old. Three years’ mourning is observed throughout the Empire. Was Yu not given three years’ love by his parents?”

 

【注釋】

(1)壞,敗壞,廢棄。

(2)崩,墜失。禮壞樂崩,言孔居喪不習而崩壞。

(3)沒,盡也。

(4)升,登場。

(5)鑽燧改火,古人用火時,取火之木,隨四時而改易,故曰改火。蓋春用榆柳,夏用棗杏,秋用柞楢,冬用槐檀。燧,取火之木。

(6)期,周年。

(7)已,止也。

(8)食夫稻衣夫錦,北方以稻米為貴,居喪者不食。錦為采衣,居喪者服素,不宜衣錦。

(9)旨,美味。

(10)予,宰我名。

(11)免,離也。

(12)懷,懷抱。

(13)通喪,通天下之人皆行之的喪禮。

【翻譯】

宰我問:「父母死了,守喪三年,為期已太久了!君子三年不習禮儀,禮儀一定會廢棄;三年不習樂,音樂一定會生疏。而且舊的穀子已吃完,新的穀子又登場,鑽木取火的木頭也經過一個輪迴,守喪一年也就可以。」孔子說:「父母死去,不滿三年,你吃稻米飯,穿花緞衣,你的心安不安呢?」宰我回答:「心安!」孔子說:「你能心安,那你就去做吧!君子守喪,吃美味的食物,也不覺得甘美,聽音樂,也不覺得快樂,住在家裡,也不覺得安適,所以才不這樣做,現在你既然覺得心安,那就去做吧!」宰我出去後,孔子說:「宰我真是不仁啊!兒女生下來,三年後,才能脫離父母的懷抱。替父母守喪三年,是天下通行的喪禮,宰我難道就沒有從他父母那裡得到三年懷抱的愛護嗎?」

【主旨】人作為中其心及用心之真偽,人在做為中用心目的之真偽,人在對人中其心之真偽(人制度對立人性情感時之偽)。

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【參考文獻】

1、譚家哲,《論語平解》,〈學而〉,大雁文化事業,2012。

2、《新譯四書讀本》,〈學而〉,三民書局,2009。

3、網頁http://www.taiwanus.net/E/E_4/E_4_17.htm

4、楊伯峻  今譯,劉殿爵  英譯,《論語》(Confucius The Analects),聯經出版事業,Chinese-English edition,2009。

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